Glutathione is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in the body and plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress.

In skincare, it is used to help defend against reactive oxygen species that contribute to dullness and uneven-looking skin. It may also influence melanogenesis, the process through which melanin is produced, by interacting with tyrosinase activity and supporting pathways associated with lighter melanin pigments.

Its topical cosmetic benefits are formulation-dependent, and the evidence base continues to develop.

Tranexamic Acid is used in skincare to help improve the appearance of uneven pigmentation, dark spots and post-blemish marks.

It works upstream in the pigmentation process by influencing the plasminogen/plasmin pathway, which can play a role in UV-induced pigmentation signalling. By helping reduce these signals, Tranexamic Acid supports a more even-looking complexion over time.

Niacinamide is a well-studied form of Vitamin B3 with broad cosmetic benefits.

It can help improve the appearance of uneven tone by reducing the transfer of melanin-containing melanosomes to skin cells. It also supports the skin barrier by helping maintain hydration, resilience and overall skin function.

This combination makes Niacinamide especially valuable in formulations designed for both tone and barrier care.

Alpha Arbutin is a stable derivative of hydroquinone used in cosmetic formulations to help improve the appearance of dark spots and uneven pigmentation.

It works by inhibiting tyrosinase, a key enzyme involved in melanin production. This makes it a targeted brightening active that complements ingredients such as Tranexamic Acid and Niacinamide.

Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant naturally present in the skin and known for its ability to bind water.

In topical skincare, it helps improve hydration, support barrier function and enhance the look of skin smoothness and plumpness. By attracting and retaining moisture, it helps the skin feel softer, more supple and comfortable.

Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that helps protect the skin from oxidative stress caused by environmental exposure.

It helps neutralise reactive oxygen species and supports the protection of skin lipids. Vitamin E also contributes to skin nourishment and barrier support, making it a valuable companion to other antioxidants.

Antioxidant care complements, but does not replace, daily sunscreen.

Panthenol, also known as Pro-Vitamin B5, is valued for its soothing, hydrating and barrier-supporting properties.

It helps attract and retain moisture in the skin while supporting barrier recovery and reducing transepidermal water loss. This makes Panthenol particularly useful in formulas designed to maintain comfort while active ingredients target tone and pigmentation.